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Long non-coding RNA-ROR aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury BJMBR
Zhang,Weiwei; Li,Ying; Wang,Peng.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, especially in myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we determined the role and the possible underlying molecular mechanism of lncRNA-ROR in myocardial I/R injury. H9c2 cells and human cardiomyocytes (HCM) were subjected to either hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), I/R or normal conditions (normoxia). The expression levels of lncRNA-ROR were detected in serum of myocardial I/R injury patients, H9c2 cells, and HCM by qRT-PCR. Then, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were measured by...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: LncRNA; Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R); Cell viability; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000600609
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Hypogammaglobulinemia: a diagnosis that must not be overlooked BJMBR
Pimenta,F.M.C.A.; Palma,S.M.U.; Constantino-Silva,R.N.; Grumach,A.S..
Humoral immunological defects are frequent and important causes of hypogammaglobulinemia, leading to recurrent infections, autoimmunity, allergies, and neoplasias. Usually, its onset occurs in childhood or during the second and third decades of life; however, the diagnosis is made, on average, 6 to 7 years afterwards. As a consequence, antibody defects can lead to sequelae. Here we describe the clinical-laboratory characteristics, treatment, and prognoses of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. An observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study of patients attending the recently established outpatient group of Clinical Immunology between 2013 and 2018 was carried out. Patients with IgG levels below 2 standard deviations from the mean values for the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Primary immunodeficiency; Common variable immunodeficiency; Hypogammaglobulinemia; Chemotherapy; Antibody defects; Immunoglobulin therapy.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019001000608
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Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits invasion and induces apoptosis via reducing S100A4 expression and increases PUMA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells BJMBR
Ma,Lei; Chen,Yongjun; Han,Rui; Wang,Shuangyi.
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) has been shown to inhibit invasion and induce apoptosis of various types of cancer. However, its role on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells is still not well elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of BITC on apoptosis and invasion of SCC9 cells, and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. SCC9 cells were exposed to BITC (5 and 25 μM) for 24 and 48 h. Cell growth, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were detected in vitro by MTT, FITC-conjugated annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry, Matrigel-coated semi-permeable modified Boyden, and wound-healing assay. S100A4, PUMA, and MMP-9 expressions were detected to investigate its mechanisms. Xenotransplantation...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Benzyl isothiocyanate; Apoptosis; S100A4; MMP-9; PUMA.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019000400605
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Are birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with malnutrition and excess weight among school age children? BJMBR
Tomé,F.S.; Cardoso,V.C.; Barbieri,M.A.; Silva,A.A.M. da; Simões,V.M.F.; Garcia,C.A.; Bettiol,H..
In the late 1980's child malnutrition was still prevalent in Brazil, and child obesity was beginning to rise in the richest regions of the country. To assess the extent of the nutritional transition during the period and the influence of birth weight and maternal smoking on the nutritional condition of schoolchildren, we estimated the prevalence of excess weight and malnutrition in a cohort of Brazilian schoolchildren from 1987 to 1989. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) of 8- to 10-year-old schoolchildren born in Ribeirão Preto in 1978/79. We considered children with a BMI <5th percentile (P5) to be malnourished, children with P5³BMI<P85 to be thin and normal, and children with BMI ³P85 to be overweight. We evaluated the association of these...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Child malnutrition; Child obesity; Body mass index; Schoolchildren; Socioeconomic level.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2007000900009
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Delivery of the Sox9 gene promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an in vitro model BJMBR
Wang,Z.H.; Li,X.L.; He,X.J.; Wu,B.J.; Xu,M.; Chang,H.M.; Zhang,X.H.; Xing,Z.; Jing,X.H.; Kong,D.M.; Kou,X.H.; Yang,Y.Y..
SRY-related high-mobility-group box 9 (Sox9) gene is a cartilage-specific transcription factor that plays essential roles in chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of genetic delivery of Sox9 to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). After they were isolated from human umbilical cord blood within 24 h after delivery of neonates, hUC-MSCs were untreated or transfected with a human Sox9-expressing plasmid or an empty vector. The cells were assessed for morphology and chondrogenic differentiation. The isolated cells with a fibroblast-like morphology in monolayer culture were positive for the MSC markers CD44, CD105,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Genetic modification; Tissue engineering; Stem cells; Sox9; Chondrogenesis.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2014000400279
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Mercury toxicity in the Amazon: contrast sensitivity and color discrimination of subjects exposed to mercury BJMBR
Rodrigues,A.R.; Souza,C.R.B.; Braga,A.M.; Rodrigues,P.S.S.; Silveira,A.T.; Damin,E.T.B.; Côrtes,M.I.T.; Castro,A.J.O.; Mello,G.A.; Vieira,J.L.F.; Pinheiro,M.C.N.; Ventura,D.F.; Silveira,L.C.L..
We measured visual performance in achromatic and chromatic spatial tasks of mercury-exposed subjects and compared the results with norms obtained from healthy individuals of similar age. Data were obtained for a group of 28 mercury-exposed subjects, comprising 20 Amazonian gold miners, 2 inhabitants of Amazonian riverside communities, and 6 laboratory technicians, who asked for medical care. Statistical norms were generated by testing healthy control subjects divided into three age groups. The performance of a substantial proportion of the mercury-exposed subjects was below the norms in all of these tasks. Eleven of 20 subjects (55%) performed below the norms in the achromatic contrast sensitivity task. The mercury-exposed subjects also had lower red-green...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Mercury exposure; Mercury toxicity; Contrast sensitivity; Color vision; Visual dysfunction; Amazon riverside communities.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2007000300018
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Regulation of semaphorin 4D expression and cell proliferation of ovarian cancer by ERalpha and ERbeta BJMBR
Liu,Y.; Hou,Y.; Ma,L.; Sun,C.; Pan,J.; Yang,Y.; Zhou,H.; Zhang,J..
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. Semaphorin 4D (sema 4D) is involved in the progress of multiple cancers. In the presence of estrogen-like ligands, estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) participate in the progress of breast and ovarian cancers by transcriptional regulation. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of sema 4D and elucidate the regulatory pattern of ERα and ERβ on sema 4D expression in ovarian cancers. Sema 4D levels were up-regulated in ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. Patients with malignant ovarian cancers had significantly higher sema 4D levels than controls, suggesting an oncogene role of sema 4D in ovarian cancer. ERα expressions were up-regulated in SKOV-3 cells compared with normal ovarian IOSE80...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Semaphorin 4D expression; ERα; ERβ; Ovarian cancer; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000300603
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Disentangling the effects of insomnia and night work on cardiovascular diseases: a study in nursing professionals BJMBR
Silva-Costa,A.; Griep,R.H.; Rotenberg,L..
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are known to be associated with poor sleep quality in general populations, but they have not been consistently associated with specific work schedules. Studies of CVD generally do not simultaneously consider sleep and work schedules, but that approach could help to disentangle their effects. We investigated the association between insomnia and a self-reported physician diagnosis of CVD in day and night workers, considering all sleep episodes during nocturnal and diurnal sleep. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1307 female nursing professionals from 3 public hospitals, using baseline data from the “Health and Work in Nursing - a Cohort Study.” Participants were divided into two groups: i) day workers with no previous...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cardiovascular diseases; Insomnia; Night work; Nurse; Sleep.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2015000200120
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Dose-related effects of propericiazine in rats BJMBR
Cechin,E.M.; Quevedo,J.; Barichello,T.; Machado-Vieira,R.; Gentil,V.; Kapczinski,F..
We evaluated the effects of the neuroleptic agent propericiazine on animal models of anxiety and memory. Adult male Wistar rats (250 to 350 g) received intraperitoneal injections of propericiazine (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), saline, or diazepam vehicle (20% propylene glycol and 80% saline) 30 min prior to the experimental procedure. Animals (10-15 for each task) were tested for step-down inhibitory avoidance (0.3-mA footshock) and habituation to an open-field for memory assessment, and submitted to the elevated plus-maze to evaluate the effects of propericiazine in a model of anxiety. Animals treated with 0.075 mg/kg propericiazine showed a reduction in anxiety measures (P<0.05) similar to that observed in those treated with...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Propericiazine; Memory; Anxiety; Diazepam; Elevated plus-maze.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2003000200010
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Interleukin-12 as a biomarker of the beneficial effects of food restriction in mice receiving high fat diet or high carbohydrate diet BJMBR
de Almeida-Souza,C.B.; Antunes,M.M.; Godoy,G.; Schamber,C.R.; Silva,M.A.R.C.P.; Bazotte,R.B..
The impact of food restriction (FR) during 56 days on serum levels of cytokines in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) were evaluated. The amount of food was reduced 50% for HFD-FR and HCD-FR groups compared to mice receiving free access to HFD (HFD group) or HCD (HCD group). We quantified the serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, inducible protein 10, interferon γ, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, keratinocyte chemoattractant, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, monokine induced by IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α. Only IL-12 levels were lower...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Anti-inflammatory cytokines; Serum cytokines; Caloric restriction; Nutrition.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018001200606
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The miR-17-92 cluster regulates FOG-2 expression and inhibits proliferation of mouse embryonic cardiomyocytes BJMBR
Xiang,Rui; Lei,Han; Chen,Mianzhi; Li,Qinwei; Sun,Huan; Ai,Jianzhong; Chen,Tielin; Wang,Honglian; Fang,Yin; Zhou,Qin.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have gradually been recognized as regulators of embryonic development; however, relatively few miRNAs have been identified that regulate cardiac development. A series of recent papers have established an essential role for the miRNA-17-92 (miR-17-92) cluster of miRNAs in the development of the heart. Previous research has shown that the Friend of Gata-2 (FOG-2) is critical for cardiac development. To investigate the possibility that the miR-17-92 cluster regulates FOG-2 expression and inhibits proliferation in mouse embryonic cardiomyocytes we initially used bioinformatics to analyze 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTR) of FOG-2 to predict the potential of miR-17-92 to target it. We used luciferase assays to demonstrate that miR-17-5p and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: MicroRNAs; MiR-17-92; FOG-2; Proliferation.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012000200007
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HEV, TTV and GBV-C/HGV markers in patients with acute viral hepatitis BJMBR
Lyra,A.C.; Pinho,J.R.R.; Silva,L.K.; Sousa,L.; Saraceni,C.P.; Braga,E.L.; Pereira,J.E.; Zarife,M.A.S.; Reis,M.G.; Lyra,L.G.C.; Silva,L.C. da; Carrilho,F.J..
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV, TTV and GBV-C/GBV-C/HGV in patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B and non-A-C. We evaluated sera of 94 patients from a sentinel program who had acute hepatitis A (N = 40), B (N = 42) and non-A-C (N = 12); 71 blood donors served as controls. IgM and anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay using commercial kits. TTV and GBV-C/HGV were detected by nested PCR; genotyping was done by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Anti-HEV IgG was present in 38, 10 and 17% of patients with hepatitis A, B and non-A-C. Four patients with hepatitis A and 1 with non-A-C hepatitis also had anti-HEV IgM detected in serum. TTV was detected in 21% of patients with acute hepatitis and in 31%...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Acute hepatitis; Hepatitis E; TTV; GBV-C/HGV; Genotype; Brazil.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005000500015
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Effects of nitric oxide on magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus involve multiple mechanisms BJMBR
Silva,M.P. da; Cedraz-Mercez,P.L.; Varanda,W.A..
Physiological evidence indicates that the supraoptic nucleus (SON) is an important region for integrating information related to homeostasis of body fluids. Located bilaterally to the optic chiasm, this nucleus is composed of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) responsible for the synthesis and release of vasopressin and oxytocin to the neurohypophysis. At the cellular level, the control of vasopressin and oxytocin release is directly linked to the firing frequency of MNCs. In general, we can say that the excitability of these cells can be controlled via two distinct mechanisms: 1) the intrinsic membrane properties of the MNCs themselves and 2) synaptic input from circumventricular organs that contain osmosensitive neurons. It has also been...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Magnocellular neurons; Supraoptic nucleus; Vasopressin; Oxytocin; Nitric oxide; Homeostasis.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2014000200090
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Evidence for the expression of native Mycobacterium tuberculosis phospholipase C: recognition by immune sera and detection of promoter activity BJMBR
Matsui,T.; Carneiro,C.R.W.; Leão,S.C..
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv contains three contiguous genes (plc-a, plc-b and plc-c) which are similar to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa phospholipase C (PLC) genes. Expression of mycobacterial PLC-a and PLC-b in E. coli and M. smegmatis has been reported, whereas expression of the native proteins in M. tuberculosis H37Rv has not been demonstrated. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate that native PLC-a is expressed in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Sera from mice immunized with recombinant PLC-a expressed in E. coli were used in immunoblots to evaluate PLC-a expression. The immune serum recognized a 49-kDa protein in immunoblots against M. tuberculosis extracts. No bands were visible in M. tuberculosis culture supernatants or...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phospholipase C; Gene expression; Promoters.
Ano: 2000 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2000001100003
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Interleukin-27 augments the inhibitory effects of sorafenib on bladder cancer cells BJMBR
Cao,J.Y.; Yin,H.S.; Li,H.S.; Yu,X.Q.; Han,X..
Both sorafenib and interleukin-27 (IL-27) are antineoplastic drugs. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of these two drugs on bladder cancer cells. HTB-9 and T24 cells were stimulated with IL-27 (50 ng/mL), sorafenib (2 μM) or the synergistic action of these two drugs. The cells without treatment acted as control. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were measured by bromodeoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and modified Boyden chamber, respectively. Simultaneously, both modified Boyden chamber and scratch assay were used to assess cell migration. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of key kinases in the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and expression levels of matrix...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Sorafenib; Interleukin 27; Proliferation; Apoptosis; Invasion; Akt/mTOR/MAPK.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000800610
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[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of pioglitazone in rats with severe acute pancreatitis BJMBR
Hai,Wang; Ping,Xu; Zhi-wen,Yang; Chun,Zhang.
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (Card9) is located upstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory pathways. This study investigated the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of pioglitazone in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). SAP was induced by a retrograde infusion of 5.0% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of Sprague Dawley rats (n=54), which were then treated with pioglitazone. Blood and pancreatic tissues were harvested at 3, 6, and 12 h after SAP induction. Pancreatic pathological damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum amylase, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were determined...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9; Pioglitazone; Severe acute pancreatitis.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000200612
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Association of postalimentary lipemia with atherosclerotic manifestations BJMBR
Tentor,J.; Nakamura,R.T.; Gidlund,M.; Barros-Mazon,S.; Harada,L.M.; Zago,V.S.; Oba,J.F.; Faria,E.C. de.
We identified different lipemic and metabolic responses after the ingestion of a standardized meal by healthy adults and related them to atherosclerotic markers. Samples from 60 normolipidemic adults were collected before and after a liquid meal (40 g fat/m² body surface) at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h for measurements of lipids, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized LDL (oxLDL Ab), lipolytic activities, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Mean carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was determined by Doppler ultrasound. The volunteers were classified into early (N = 39) and late (N = 31) triacylglycerol (TAG) responders to the test meal. Late responders showed lower HDL cholesterol...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Postalimentary lipemia; Autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized LDL; Carotid intima-media thickness; Insulin; Free fatty acids.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012001100014
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Defensive responses to threat scenarios in Brazilians reproduce the pattern of Hawaiian Americans and non-human mammals BJMBR
Shuhama,R.; Del-Ben,C.M.; Loureiro,S.R.; Graeff,F.G..
A former study with scenarios conducted in Hawaii has suggested that humans share with non-human mammals the same basic defensive strategies - risk assessment, freezing, defensive threat, defensive attack, and flight. The selection of the most adaptive strategy is strongly influenced by features of the threat stimulus - magnitude, escapability, distance, ambiguity, and availability of a hiding place. Aiming at verifying if these strategies would be consistent in a different culture, 12 defensive scenarios were translated into Portuguese and adapted to the Brazilian culture. The sample consisted of male and female undergraduate students divided into two groups: 76 students, who evaluated the five dimensions of each scenario and 248 medical students, who...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Defensive strategies; Threat scenarios; Evolution-related responses; Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2008000400011
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Baicalein restrains proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant melanoma cells by down-regulating colon cancer associated transcript-1 BJMBR
Yang,Xiaoliang; Jiang,Jinjie; Zhang,Chunyan; Li,Yinghao.
Baicalein (BAI) is an acknowledged flavonoids compound, which is regarded as a useful therapeutic pharmaceutical for numerous cancers. However, its involvement in melanoma is largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the anti-melanoma function of BAI and unraveled the regulatory mechanism involved. A375 and SK-MEL-28 were treated with BAI for 24 h. Then, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay were carried out to investigate cell growth, migration, and invasion. RT-qPCR was applied to detect the expression of colon cancer associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) in melanoma tissues and cells. The functions of CCAT1 in melanoma cells were also evaluated. Western blot was utilized to appraise Wnt/β-catenin or MEK/ERK pathways. BAI restrained cell...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Malignant melanoma; Colon cancer associated transcript-1; Wnt/β-catenin; MEK/ERK.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019001200602
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Streptococcus mutans GlnK protein: an unusual PII family member BJMBR
Portugal,M.E.G.; Souza,E.M.; Pedrosa,F.O.; Benelli,E.M..
Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive bacterium present in the oral cavity, and is considered to be one of the leading causes of dental caries. S. mutans has a glnK gene, which codes for a PII-like protein that is possibly involved in the integration of carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolism in several organisms. To characterize the GlnK protein of S. mutans, the glnK gene was amplified by PCR, and cloned into the expression vectors pET29a(+) and pET28b(+). The native GlnK-Sm was purified by anion exchange (Q-Sepharose) and affinity (Hi-Trap Heparin) chromatography. The GlnK-His-Sm protein was purified using a Hi-Trap Chelating-Ni2+ column. The molecular mass of the GlnK-His-Sm proteins was 85 kDa as determined by gel filtration, indicating that this...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: GlnK; Streptococcus mutans; Nitrogen metabolism.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2011000500003
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